Medieval World Reference Library

Álvaro de Luna.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Ælfgifu

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

ÆLfric (955-1010).

Reference

Esther Smith (Author), 2000

Ælfric of Eynsham (Mid-Tenth Century–After 1010).

Reference

David Day (Author), 2002

Ælred of Rievaulx (Ailred, Æthelred, Æthelred, ETHELRED) (1109–1167).

Reference

Zina Petersen (Author), 2002

Æthelbert of Kent (c. 560–616).

Reference

David Day (Author), 2002

Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians (d. 918)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Æthelflæd of Mercia (c. 918).

Reference

Janet Pope (Author), 2002

Æthelred the Unready of England (Æthelræd “Unræd”) (968–1016).

Reference

Matthew Hussey (Author), 2002

Æthelstan of England (c. 895–939; King of the Anglo-Saxons 924/925–927, King of the English 927–939).

Reference

David Day (Author), 2002

Æthelthryth, St. (d. 679)

Reference

Carole Hough (Author), 2004

ÆThelwold (c. 908-94).

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Évangile aux Femmes (“Women's Gospel”)

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Ólá Fr I Tryggvason of Norway (d. 1000).

Reference

Joseph Carroll (Author), 2002

Óláfr II Haraldsson of Norway, Saint (c. 995–1030).

Reference

Joseph Carroll (Author), 2002

Þorlákr Þorhallsson (1133–1193).

Reference

John Paul Walter (Author), 2002

‘Aisha bint Abi Bakr (d. c. 678)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

‘Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. 661)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

“Battle of Finnsburgh.”

Reference

Karl Hagen (Author), 2000

“Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Cleric’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Cook’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Cædmon’s Hymn.”

Reference

Karl Hagen (Author), 2000

“Dream of the Rood, The.”

Reference

Karl Hagen (Author), 2000

“Flowery Wars”

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

“Fowles in The Frith.”

Reference

Sigrid King (Author), 2000

“Franklin’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Peggy Huey (Author), 2000

“Friar’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“General Prologue, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

The “Jottings” of the Japanese Writer Kamo no Chomei (thirteenth century)

Reference

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

“Knight’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Lady H.”

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

“Lenten is Come With Love to Town” (c. 1314).

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Man of Law’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Manciple’s Tale, the.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Matter of Britain, The.”

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Matter of England, The.”

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Matter of France, The.”

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Matter of Rome, The.”

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Melibee, Tale of.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Merchant’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Miller’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Monk’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Nou Sprinkes the Spral”

Reference

Sigrid King (Author), 2000

“Now Gooth Sunne Under Wode.”

Reference

Sigrid King (Author), 2000

“Nun’s Priest’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Nut Brown Maid.”

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Pardoner’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Physician’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Prioress’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Reeve’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Ruin, The.”

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Seafarer, The.”

Reference

Karl Hagen (Author), 2000

“Second Nun’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Shipman’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Sir Thopas” (c. 1387-1400).

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Spoiling the Egyptians”: Military Strategy in the Tactica of LEO VI (886–912 CE)

Reference

James Francis LePree and Ljudmila Djukic (Editors), 2019

“Squire’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Sumer is Icumen In.”

Reference

Sigrid King (Author), 2000

“Summoner’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Wanderer, The.”

Reference

Karl Hagen (Author), 2000

“Wife of Bath’s Tale, The.”

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

“Wulf and Eadwacer.”

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Aachen

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Aasta of Norway (late 10th century–early 11th century)

Reference

Nadia Margolis (Author), 2004

Abaqa (r. 1265–1282)

Reference

Michael Hope (Author), 2017

Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Abbo (Abbon) of Fleury, Saint (c. 945–1004).

Reference

Paul B. Nelson (Author), 2002

Abd al-Malik (c. 646–705)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Abdallah ibn Yasin (d. 1059)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Abelard (1079–1142) and Heloise (ca. 1090–1164)

Reference

Jan Bulman (Author), 2012

Abelard, Peter (1079-1142).

Reference

Anna Shealy (Author), 2000

Abelard, Peter (1079–1142).

Reference

Leah Larson (Author), 2002

Ablutions

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

About the Author

encyclopedia

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

About the Author

encyclopedia

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

About the Authors

encyclopedia

Carole Levin, Debra Barrett-Graves, Jo Eldridge Carney, W. M. Spellman, Gwynne Kennedy and Stephanie Witham (Authors), 2000

About the Authors

encyclopedia

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer and Kirsten Wolf (Authors), 2022

About the Contributors

encyclopedia

Robert Thomas Lambdin and Laura Cooner Lambdin (Authors), 2000

About the Editor

encyclopedia

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

About the Editor, Authors, and Contributors

encyclopedia

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

About the Editors

encyclopedia

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

About the Editors

encyclopedia

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Abravanel, Isaac ben-Judah (1437–1508)

Reference

Deborah S. Ellis (Author), 2001

Abstinence

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Abu Bakr (d. 634)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Abu Bakr ibn ‘Umar (d. 1087)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Abu Said (r. 1317–1335)

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Abutsu‐ni (c.1220–1283)

Reference

Shigemi Sasaki (Author), 2004

Account of Samarkand under Timur-I Leng (ca. 1403–1406)

Reference

Timothy May (Editor), 2017

Account of the Battle of the Ugra River from the Nikonian Chronicle (1480)

Reference

Timothy May (Editor), 2017

An Account of the Battle of Tours by a Spanish Christian Chronicler

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Account of the Otrar Massacre (1219)

Reference

Timothy May (Editor), 2017

An Account of Trade with the Etiopian Kingdom of Aksum, 525

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Accounts of the Saharan City of Sijilmasa (tenth-twelfth centuries)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Accused Queen

Reference

Melinda Sue Collins (Author) and Carl Lindahl (Author), 2000

Acrostic.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Acton Burnell, Statute of (1283).

Reference

William B. Robison (Author), 2002

Acutuba

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Adam.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Adam of Bremen (d. c. 1081).

Reference

Patricia Price (Author), 2002

Adam of Usk (c.1350–1430).

Reference

Claire M. Valente (Author), 2002

Adamnan (Adomnán) of Iona (623/624–704).

Reference

Helen Conrad-O’Briain (Author), 2002

Adela of Blois (c.1067–1137)

Reference

Kimberly A. LoPrete (Author), 2004

Adelaide (Adelheid) of Burgundy (c. 930–999).

Reference

Edward J. Schoenfeld (Author), 2002

Adelaide, Countess of Aumale (1029–1090)

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson (Author), 2004

Adelard of Bath (c. 1080–after 1142).

Reference

Anne Collins Smith (Author) and Owen M. Smith (Author), 2002

Adhémar of Le Puy (d. 1098).

Reference

Jonathan M. Wooding (Author), 2002

Admonitio Generalis

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Adoptionism

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Adrianople, Battle of (378 CE)

Reference

Ljudmila Djukic (Author), 2019

Adultery

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Advent

Reference

Bradford Lee Eden (Author), 2000

Aelfric

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Aelia Eudocia

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Aella, king

Reference

Kirsten Wolf (Author), 2022

Aemilia Lanyer

Reference

Gwynne Kennedy (Author), 2000

Aethelberht I of Kent (d. 616)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Aethelred the Unready, King

Reference

Kirsten Wolf (Author), 2022

Affinity

Reference

William B. Robison (Author), 2002

Afonso V, “the African,” King of Portugal.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

African Traditional Religions

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Afterlife

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Agapetus Counsels Justinian on the Proper Conduct of Christian Rulers (Sixth Century)

Reference

James Francis LePree and Ljudmila Djukic (Editors), 2019

Agentes in Rebus

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Aggersborg

Reference

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer and Kirsten Wolf (Authors), 2022

Agincourt, Battle of (1415)

Reference

Michael Medwick (Author), 2002

Agnes of Assisi, St. (c.1197–1253)

Reference

Sandro Sticca (Author), 2004

Agnes of Bohemia, Blessed (1203 or 1211–1282)

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson (Author), 2004

Agobard of Lyons, St. (769–840)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Agricola, Alexander (c. 1446–1506),

Reference

Jan Pendergrass (Author), 2001

Agricola, Rudolf (1444–85),

Reference

Frans A. van Liere (Author), 2001

An Agricultural Instruction Manual (thirteenth century)

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Agriculture

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Agriculture

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Agriculture

Reference

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

Agriculture

Reference

William B. Robison (Author), 2002

Agriculture

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Agriculture

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Agriculture

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Agriculture

Reference

Raman N. Seylon (Author), 2009

Agriculture

Reference

Robert D. Craig (Author), 2009

Ailisia de Baldo

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Ailly, Pierre d’ (1351–1420).

Reference

Jeffrey Fisher (Author), 2001

Aistulf (d. 756)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Aix-la-Chapelle

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Akan

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Akka Mahādēvī

Reference

Debra Barrett-Graves (Author), 2000

Aksum

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Alais, N'

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Alaisina Yselda (1190s–c. early 1230s)

Reference

June Hall McCash (Author), 2004

Alamanda. (late 12th century)

Reference

Matilda Tomaryn Bruckner (Author), 2004

Alan Goa and the Arrow Parable

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Alan of Lille (Alain de Lille, Alanus de Insulis) (c. 1120–1203).

Reference

Joel Fredell (Author), 2002

Alans

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Alans

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Alaric (c. 370–410)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Alaric II (d. 507)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Alba Lady

Reference

Gale Sigal (Author), 2004

Al-Bakri (d. 1094)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Albarno, Montréal d’ (d. 1354),

Reference

Angela B. Fulk (Author), 2001

Alberti, Leon Battista (1404–72),

Reference

C. Thomas Ault (Author), 2001

Albertusmagnus (Albert the great), Saint (c. 1200–1280).

Reference

Andrew G. Traver (Author), 2002

Albigensian Women

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Alboin (d. 572)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Alchemy in Religious Daoism (c. fifth century)

Reference

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

Alcuin of York (c. 730/735–804)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Alcuin of York (c. 730–804).

Reference

Andrew Scheil (Author), 2002

Aldegund, St. (c.639–c.684)

Reference

Duey White (Author), 2004

Aldhelm (Before 640–709).

Reference

Andrew Scheil (Author), 2002

Alemanni

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Alewives/Brewsters

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Alexander III (b. 1241, r. 1249–86)

Reference

Ronald H. Fritze (Author), 2002

Alexander III, Pope (c. 1105–1181, Pontificate 1159–1181).

Reference

Paul Miller (Author), 2002

Alexander Nevsky (1220–1263)

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Alexander of Hales (c. 1186–1245).

Reference

James R. Ginther (Author), 2002

Alexander VI, Pope (b. 1431, r. 1492–1503).

Reference

Kristopher Bell (Author), 2001

Alexiad

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Alexius I Comnenus (1057–c. 1118).

Reference

Tom Papademetriou (Author), 2002

Alfonso Fernández de Madrigal.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Alfonso Fernández de Palencia.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Alfonso V, “the African,” King of Portugal (b. 1432, r. 1438–81),

Reference

Angela B. Fulk (Author), 2001

Alfonso V, “the Magnanimous,” King of Aragon, Naples, and Sicily (b. 1396, r. 1412–58),

Reference

Paul D. Buell (Author), 2001

Alfonso VI of Castile and Léon (c. 1040–1109).

Reference

Gregory B. Kaplan (Author), 2002

Alfonso VII of Castile and León (el Emperador—“The Emperor”) (1105–1157).

Reference

Paul B. Nelson (Author), 2002

Alfonso VIII of Castile (1155–1214).

Reference

Paul B. Nelson (Author), 2002

Alfonso X of Castile (1221–1284).

Reference

Linda A. McMillin (Author), 2002

Alfonso X (“El Sabio”).

Reference

Rebecca Stephens (Author), 2000

Alfred the Great (849-899).

Reference

Esther Smith (Author), 2000

Alfred the Great (849–899)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Alfred the Great (849–899)

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Alfred the Great (849–899, r. 871–899).

Reference

William B. Robison (Author), 2002

Alfred the Great, King

Reference

Kirsten Wolf (Author), 2022

Al-Fārābī.

Reference

Jana K. Schulman (Editor), 2002

Algazel.

Reference

Jana K. Schulman (Editor), 2002

Alginchi

Reference

Paul D. Buell (Author), 2017

Al-Idrīsī.

Reference

Jana K. Schulman (Editor), 2002

Alien Priories

Reference

Carol Miller (Author), 2002

Alighieri, Dante.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

al-Jahiz’s Ninth-Century Essay on the Turks

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Allauddin Khilji (d. 1316)

Reference

John A. Wagner (Author), 2009

Allegory.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Alliterative Revival.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Alliterative Verse.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Al-Ma'Mūn.

Reference

Jana K. Schulman (Editor), 2002

al-Mansur (d. 775)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

al-Ma’mun ibn Harun al-Rashid (d. 833)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Almoravid and Almohad Movements

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Almuc de Castelnou (c.1140–c.1184 or early 1200s)

Reference

June Hall McCash (Author), 2004

al-Muqaddasi (c. 945–c. 1000)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

al-Muqaddasi’s Tenth-Century Description of the Aksâ Mosque in Jerusalem

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

al-Muqaddasi’s Tenth-Century Explanation of the Construction of Jerusalem’s Dome of the Rock

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Alphabet

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Al-Rashīd.

Reference

Jana K. Schulman (Editor), 2002

al-Ya‘qubi’s Description of Baghdad in the Ninth Century

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

al-Ya‘qubi’s Ninth-Century Description of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Alysoun.

Reference

Sigrid King (Author), 2000

Alī Ibn Abītā Lib (600–661).

Reference

Alfons Teipen (Author), 2002

Amalasuntha (c.498–535)

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson (Author), 2004

Amalaswintha (d. 535)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Amalswintha (Amalasuntha) (born after 495–535).

Reference

Helen Conrad-O’Briain (Author), 2002

Amazons

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Amboise, Georges d’ (1460–1510),

Reference

Michelle M. Sauer (Author), 2001

Ambrose of Milan (c. 339–397)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Amicus et Amelius

Reference

Velma Bourgeois Richmond (Author), 2000

Amiens, Treaty of (1423)

Reference

James Alexander Doig (Author), 2002

Ammianus Marcellinus (c. 330–395)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Ammianus Marcellinus’s Account of the Battle of Hadrianople

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Amulet and Talisman

Reference

Jacqueline Simpson (Author), 2000

Anastasius, Flavius (r. 491–518 CE)

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Ancestor Veneration

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Ancestor Worship

Reference

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

Anchorites

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Ancrene Riwle (c.1225)

Reference

Craig R. Davis (Author), 2004

Ancrene Wisse.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Andreas.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Andreas Capellanus.

Reference

Jana K. Schulman (Editor), 2002

Andreas Capellanus

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Andreas Capellanus (c. 1180).

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Andrew Cheyne’s Account of Food and Feasting on Ponape in Micronesia, 1843

Reference

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

Andrew of Wyntoun.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Andrew’s Day, Saint

Reference

Nicola Royan (Author), 2000

Andrés de Escobar.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Anelida and Arcite.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Angela Merici, St

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Angela of Foligno, Blessed (c.1248–1309)

Reference

Sandro Sticca (Author), 2004

Angela of Foligno (c. 1248–1309).

Reference

Andrea Schutz (Author), 2002

Angelico, Fra (c. 1395/1400–1455),

Reference

Nicola McDonald (Author), 2001

Angels

Reference

John McNamara (Author), 2000

Angilbert, St. (c. 740–814)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Anglesey Sound, Battle of

Reference

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer (Author), 2022

Anglo-Latin Literature.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Anglo-Norman.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Anglo-Saxon.

Reference

Anna Shealy (Author), 2000

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Reference

Nicholas Howe (Author), 2000

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.

Reference

Richard McDonald (Author) and Richard McDonald (Author), 2000

The Anglo-Saxon Conquest of England according to Bede

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Anglo-Saxons

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Anglo–Scottish Wars (1296–1328).

Reference

Alexander Bruce (Author), 2002

Animal Tale

Reference

Michèle Simonsen (Author), 2000

Animals

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Animals

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Anjou, René , Duke of.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Ankara, Battle of (1402)

Reference

Tom Sizgorich (Author), 2017

Anna Comnena

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Anna Comnena (1083–1153).

Reference

Alana Cain Scott (Author), 2002

Anna Comnena Describes the First Crusade (twelfth century)

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Anna Komnena

Reference

Debra Barrett-Graves (Author), 2000

Anna of Munzingen (early 14th century)

Reference

Albrecht Classen (Author), 2004

Annales Cambriae.

Reference

Richard McDonald (Author), 2000

Annals.

Reference

Richard McDonald (Author), 2000

Anne Askew

Reference

Carole Levin (Author), 2000

Anne de Beaujeu

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Anne Halkett

Reference

Stephanie Witham (Author), 2000

Anne Locke

Reference

W. M. Spellman (Author), 2000

Anne of Bohemia (1366–1394)

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson (Author), 2004

Anne of Bohemia (1366–1394)

Reference

Jo Eldridge Carney (Author), 2002

Anne, Saint

Reference

Francesca Canadé Sautman (Author), 2000

Anne Valois, Duchesse de Bourbon.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Annona

Reference

Ljudmila Djukic (Author), 2019

Annwfn [Annwn]

Reference

Brynley F. Roberts (Author), 2000

Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109).

Reference

Marguerite Ragnow (Author), 2002

Anselm of Laon (d. c. 1117).

Reference

James R. Ginther (Author), 2002

Anselm, St. (1033-1109).

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Anskar (Ansgar), Saint (801–865).

Reference

Clinton Atchley (Author), 2002

Antioch

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Antioch

Reference

Ljudmila Djukic (Author), 2019

Antioch Chalice

Reference

Brenda K. Thacker (Author), 2019

Antioch, Principality of

Reference

Jochen Burgtorf (Author), 2017

Antoine de La Sale.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Antonio de Nebrija.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Apollonius of Tyre

Reference

Alexandra H. Olsen (Author), 2000

Aporoi

Reference

Ljudmila Djukic (Author), 2019

Appellant, Lords

Reference

Jane Zatta (Author), 2002

Aquinas, St. Thomas (c.1225-74).

Reference

Anna Shealy (Author), 2000

Aquinas, Thomas, Saint (C. 1224/1225–1274).

Reference

Andrew G. Traver (Author), 2002

Aquitaine

Reference

Janet A. Thompson (Author), 2002

Arabic-Islamic Tradition

Reference

Ulrich Marzolph (Author), 2000

Arbella Stuart

Reference

Carole Levin (Author), 2000

Arbogast (d. 394)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Arc, Joan of.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Arcadius (r. 395–408 CE)

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Architecture

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Argula von Grumbach

Reference

W. M. Spellman (Author), 2000

Ari Þorgilsson (Ari the Wise, Ari the Learned) (1068–1148).

Reference

Matthew Hussey (Author), 2002

Arianism

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Arians

Reference

Ljudmila Djukic (Author), 2019

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.).

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

An Armenian Account of the Mongols’ Divine Right to Rule (Early 14th Century)

Reference

Timothy May (Editor), 2017

Armor

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Armor

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Army

Reference

Stanley D. M. Carpenter (Author), 2002

Arnold of Brescia (c. 1094–1155).

Reference

Marguerite Ragnow (Author), 2002

Arnulf of Metz, St. (580–643/647)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Arras, Congress and Treaty of (1435)

Reference

John K. Hayden (Author), 2002

Array, Commission of

Reference

Kirstin V. Foust (Author), 2002

Art

Reference

Marion Hollinger (Author), 2002

Artemisia Gentileschi

Reference

Debra Barrett-Graves (Author), 2000

Artevelde, Jacob van (c. 1290–1345),

Reference

Dana L. Sample (Author), 2001

Arthur

Reference

Norris J. Lacy (Author), 2000

Arthur, King

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Arthur, King

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Arthurian Legend.

Reference

Laura Cooner Lambdin (Author), 2000

Arthurian Lore

Reference

Brynley F. Roberts (Author), 2000

Arthurian Women (5th century–15th century)

Reference

Thelma S. Fenster (Author), 2004

Articuli Cleri (1316)

Reference

Clay Kinsner (Author), 2002

Articuli Super Cartas (1300)

Reference

Ronald H. Fritze (Author), 2002

Artists, Medieval Women

Reference

Jeanne Fox-Friedman (Author), 2004

Artois, Robert of.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

The Arts

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

The Arts

Reference

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

The Arts

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

The Arts

Reference

Nancy Sullivan (Author), 2009

The Arts

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

The Arts

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

The Arts

Reference

Raman N. Seylon (Author), 2009

Arundel, 4th Earl of

Reference

Ronald H. Fritze and William B. Robison (Editors), 2002

Arundel, Thomas (1353–1414)

Reference

Ronald H. Fritze (Author), 2002

Arévalo, Rodrigo Sánchez de.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Ashdown, Battle of

Reference

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer (Author), 2022

Ashikaga Shogunate (1336–1477)

Reference

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

Askiya Muhammad (c. 1442–1538)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Assandun, Battle of

Reference

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer (Author), 2022

The Assassins (1090–1256 CE)

Reference

Donna Hamil (Author), 2017

Assassins Nizari Ismacilis [Nizari Ismacilis]

Reference

Bonnie D. Irwin (Author), 2000

Asselt, Siege of

Reference

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer (Author), 2022

Asser (d. 909)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Asser (d. c. 909).

Reference

William B. Robison (Author), 2002

Asser’s Life of Alfred the Great, King of Wessex (tenth century)

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Astrolabe

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Astronomer, The (fl. ninth century)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Athalaric

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Athanaric (d. 381)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Athanasios, Political Reforms of Late 13th/Early 14th Centuries

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria (328–373 CE)

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Athelston.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Athenatoi

Reference

William Eger (Author), 2019

Atlatl

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Atolls

Reference

Robert D. Craig (Author), 2009

Attila (406?–453) and the Huns

Reference

Lars Hemmingsen (Author), 2000

Attila the Hun (d. 453)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Aucassin Et Nicolette.

Reference

Rebecca Chalmers (Author), 2000

Audrey, St

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Augustine of Canterbury, Saint (d. c. 604).

Reference

Daniel Kline (Author), 2002

Augustine of Canterbury, St. (d. 604)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Augustine of Hippo, Saint (354–430)

Reference

Erika Brady (Author), 2000

Augustine of Hippo, St. (354–430)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Augustine of Hippo’s Conversion Experience

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Augustine of Hippo’s Definition of a True Commonwealth

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Augustine, St. (354-430).

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Augustine Writes of Childhood Sinning, 397

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Auld Alliance

Reference

Leslie Lawhon (Author), 2002

Aureoli, Peter (1280?–1322),

Reference

Frans A. van Liere (Author), 2001

Austrasia

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Autocracy

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Ava, Frau (d. 1127)

Reference

Albrecht Classen (Author), 2004

Avars

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Avars

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Averroës.

Reference

Jana K. Schulman (Editor), 2002

Avicenbron.

Reference

Jana K. Schulman (Editor), 2002

Avicenna.

Reference

Jana K. Schulman (Editor), 2002

Avignon, Juan de (fl. c. 1418),

Reference

Rowena Hernández Múzquiz (Author), 2001

Avonlea

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Awntyrs of Arthure.

Reference

Rebecca Chalmers (Author), 2000

Ayala, Pero López de.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Aybak, Qutb al-Din (d. 1210)

Reference

John A. Wagner (Author), 2009

Ayllu

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Aymon, The Four Sons of.

Reference

Rebecca Chalmers (Author), 2000

Ayn Jalut, Battle of (1260)

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Azalais d'Altier (early 13th century)

Reference

Matilda Tomaryn Bruckner (Author), 2004

Azalais de Porcairague. (late 12th century)

Reference

Herman Braet (Author), 2004

Aztec Warrior Women (15th century)

Reference

Nadia Margolis (Author), 2004

Aztlan

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Aëtius (d. 454)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Babies

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Babur (1483–1530)

Reference

Joyce E. Salisbury (Author), 2009

Bacon, Roger (c. 1214-1294?).

Reference

Esther Smith (Author), 2000

Bacon, Roger (c. 1214–c. 1293).

Reference

Roberto Plevano (Author), 2002

Bacon, Roger (c.1220–92)

Reference

Stephen E. Lahey (Author), 2002

Baconthorpe, John (c. 1290–c. 1350?),

Reference

Richard Copsey (Author), 2001

Badon Hill, Battle of (fifth century)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Baghdad, Siege of (1258)

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Bagpipe

Reference

Cynthia Whiddon Green (Author), 2000

Bahmani Kingdom

Reference

John A. Wagner (Author), 2009

Baiju (d. 1260)

Reference

Michael Hope (Author), 2017

Bake, Alijt (1415–1455)

Reference

Gerrit H. Gerrits (Author), 2004

Bal des Ardents

Reference

Lorraine K. Stock (Author), 2000

Balban, Ghiyas al-Din (d. 1286)

Reference

John A. Wagner (Author), 2009

Baldwin IX of Flanders (1172–1205).

Reference

Laura L. Gathagan (Author), 2002

Baljuna Covenant (1203)

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Ballad

Reference

Samuel G. Armistead (Author), 2000

Ballade.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Ballads (Balladry).

Reference

Gwendolyn Morgan (Author), 2000

Ballgame

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Balliol, John (c.1250–1313)

Reference

Alexander Bruce (Author), 2002

Balthild

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Balthild, St. (d. 680)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Baltic Tradition

Reference

Thomas A. DuBois (Author), 2000

Baltic, Vikings in

Reference

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer (Author), 2022

Banabhatta (Bana) (fl . seventh century c.e.)

Reference

John A. Wagner (Author), 2009

Banabhatta’s Account of How the Newly Crowned Harsha Turned a Bad Omen to His Advantage, c. 606

Reference

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

Banks

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Bannockburn, Battle of (1314)

Reference

Kelly O’Connor-Salomon (Author), 2002

Bantu Expansions

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Bar Hebraeus, Gregorius (1226–1286).

Reference

Anne Collins Smith (Author) and Owen M. Smith (Author), 2002

Bar Hebraeus on the Fall of Baghdad and the Abbasid Caliphate (1258)

Reference

Timothy May (Editor), 2017

Barbara Allen.

Reference

Gwendolyn Morgan (Author), 2000

Barbarian Art

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Barberini Ivory

Reference

Brenda K. Thacker (Author), 2019

Barbour, John (c. 1320-95).

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Bard.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Bardi, Contessina (c. 1400–1473),

Reference

Natalie Tomas (Author), 2001

Barlaam and Josaphat.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Barnes or Barne, Julyans or Lulyan

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Barnet, Battle of (1471)

Reference

David B. Mock (Author), 2002

Barrels and Buckets

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Bartholomaeus Anglicus (fl. Thirteenth Century).

Reference

Daniel Kline (Author), 2002

Basil II (958–1025).

Reference

Tom Papademetriou (Author), 2002

Basil of Caesarea (330–379 CE)

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Basil the Great

Reference

James Francis LePree and Ljudmila Djukic (Editors), 2019

Basil the Great on Cenobitic Monasticism (Fourth Century)

Reference

James Francis LePree and Ljudmila Djukic (Editors), 2019

Basil the Great, St. (330–379)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Bastard Feudalism

Reference

Michelle M. Sauer (Author), 2002

Battista da Montefeltro Malatesta (1383–1450)

Reference

Regina Psaki (Author), 2004

Battle of Adrianople (378 CE)

Reference

James Francis LePree and Ljudmila Djukic (Editors), 2019

Battle of Brunnanburgh, The.

Reference

Karl Hagen (Author), 2000

Battle of Maldon, The.

Reference

Karl Hagen (Author), 2000

Batu (1203–1255)

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Batán Grande

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Baudonivia (fl. first half of 7th century)

Reference

Thomas Head (Author), 2004

Baudonivia (fl. Seventh Century).

Reference

Janice R. Norris (Author), 2002

Baybars I (1223–1277)

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Bear [Ursus arctos arctos]

Reference

Stephen O. Glosecki (Author), 2000

Beast Epic. (Beast Fable).

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Beatrice (13th century)

Reference

Regina Psaki (Author), 2004

Beatrijs of Nazareth (C. 1201–1268).

Reference

Patricia Silber (Author), 2002

Beatrijs van Nazareth/van Tienen (1200–1268)

Reference

Frank Willaert (Author), 2004

Beatritz de Dia (late 12th century)

Reference

Herman Braet (Author), 2004

Beatritz de Roman

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Beauchamp, Guy, Earl of Warwick (c.1271/75–1315)

Reference

Jeffrey S. Hamilton (Author), 2002

Beauchamp, Richard (d. 1481).

Reference

Kristine Lynn Rabberman (Author), 2001

Beauchamp, Richard, Earl of Warwick (1382–1439)

Reference

James Alexander Doig (Author), 2002

Beaufort, Edmund, Duke of Somerset (c.1406–55)

Reference

Janet A. Thompson (Author), 2002

Beaufort, Henry (1374–1447),

Reference

James C. Owens (Author), 2001

Beaufort, Henry, Cardinal-Bishop of Winchester (c.1376–1447)

Reference

Shelly A. Sinclair (Author), 2002

Beaufort, Margaret (1441–1509).

Reference

Jennifer L. Harrison (Author), 2001

Beaufort, Margaret (1443–1509)

Reference

Elizabeth McCutcheon (Author), 2004

Beaujeau, Pierre de, Duc de Bourbon (1438–1503),

Reference

Dominique Tieman (Author), 2001

Beaumanoir, Philippe de (c. 1250–1296)

Reference

F.R.P. Akehurst (Author), 2002

Beauneveu, André (1337–1403).

Reference

Dominique Tieman (Author), 2001

Beautiful Lady Without Mercy

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Becket, Saint Thomas (c. 1120–1170)

Reference

Lee Winniford (Author) and Carl Lindahl (Author), 2000

Becket, St. Thomas (c. 1118-1170).

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Becket, Thomas, Saint (1118–1170).

Reference

Daniel Kline (Author), 2002

Bede (672/673–735).

Reference

David Day (Author), 2002

Bede (c. 673–735)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Bede Describes the Conversion of the English (sixth and seventh centuries)

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Bede, St., The Venerable (673?-735).

Reference

Esther Smith (Author), 2000

Bede the Venerable (673–735)

Reference

John McNamara (Author), 2000

Bede the Venerable (c. 672–735)

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Bede’s Account of the Synod of Whitby

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Bede’s Description of the Life and Works, Including the Conversion of England, of Pope Gregory I, the Great

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Bedford, 1st Duke of

Reference

Ronald H. Fritze and William B. Robison (Editors), 2002

Beekeeping

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Beggars

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Beguine. (13th century)

Reference

Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski (Author), 2004

Beheading Bargain

Reference

Cathalin B. Folks (Author), 2000

Beier, Dorothea (d. 1464)

Reference

Brigitte Edith Archibald (Author), 2004

Belisarius (505–565 CE)

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Belisarius (c. 500–565)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Belle Dame Sans Merci (1424–)

Reference

Helen Solterer (Author), 2004

Belle Hélène de Constantinople (14th through 17th centuries)

Reference

Valentina Jones-Wagner (Author), 2004

Bellini, Gentile (c. 1429–1507),

Reference

Susanne Breckenridge (Author), 2001

Bellini, Giovanni (c. 1431/36–1516),

Reference

E. Helene Tronc (Author), 2001

Bells

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Beltane [Bealtaine, May Day]

Reference

Patricia Lysaght (Author), 2000

Beltraneja, Juana la.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Beltrán de la Cueva (d. 1492).

Reference

Susanna Calkins (Author), 2001

Bembo, Illuminata (c.1410–1496)

Reference

Thomas Head (Author), 2004

Benedict Biscop (d. 689)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Benedict IX, Pope (c. 1000–c. 1055, Pontificate 1032–1044, 1045, 1047–1048).

Reference

Paul Miller (Author), 2002

Benedict of Aniane (c. 750–821).

Reference

William Schipper (Author), 2002

Benedict of Aniane (c. 750–821)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Benedict of Nursia, Saint (c. 480–c. 547).

Reference

William Schipper (Author), 2002

Benedict of Nursia, St. (c. 480–547)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Benedict XII, Pope (b. 1284, r. 1334–42),

Reference

Frans A. van Liere (Author), 2001

Benedict XIII, Anti-pope (b. 1342, r. 1394–1423),

Reference

Joelle Rollo-Koster (Author), 2001

Benefit of Clergy

Reference

Howell Gwin (Author), 2002

Bengal

Reference

John A. Wagner (Author), 2009

Benin

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Benjamin of Tudela (fl. Twelfth Century).

Reference

Ronald H. Fritze (Author), 2002

Beowulf

Reference

John D. Niles (Author), 2000

Beowulf.

Reference

Karl Hagen (Author), 2000

Beowulf

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Berbers

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Berengar of Tours (c. 1000–1088).

Reference

Ryan P. Crisp (Author), 2002

Berenguela of Castile (c. 1180–1246).

Reference

Gregory B. Kaplan (Author), 2002

Bernard Hairyfeet (841–886)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153)

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Bernard of Clairvaux Condemns Abelard and Scholasticism, 1140

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint (1090–1153).

Reference

Andrew G. Traver (Author), 2002

Bernard of Clairvaux, St. (1090-1153).

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Bernard of Septimania (795–844)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Bernard Silvester (d. c. 1160).

Reference

Joel Fredell (Author), 2002

Bernardino of Siena (1380–1444)

Reference

Thomas M. Izbicki (Author), 2001

Bernart de Ventadorn (fl. Mid-Twelfth Century).

Reference

F.R.P. Akehurst (Author), 2002

Berners, Juliana (c.1388–c.1420s)

Reference

Sylvia Tomasch (Author), 2004

Berno of Reichenau (d. 1048).

Reference

Elaine Cullen (Author), 2002

Berry, Jean Valois, Duke of.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Berserks

Reference

Kirsten Wolf (Author), 2022

Berserks

Reference

John Lindow (Author), 2000

Bertha of Vilich (early 11th century)

Reference

Thomas Head (Author), 2004

Berthgyth (mid- to lat. century)

Reference

Alexandra Hennessey Olsen (Author), 2004

Bertilla, St

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Bertken, Sister/Berta Jacobs (1426/27–1514)

Reference

Frank Willaert (Author), 2004

Bertrada (d. 783)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Bertrand du Guesclin.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Bertrand, Pierre, (1280–1349),

Reference

Wendy Love Anderson (Author), 2001

Berwick, Treaty of (1357)

Reference

Leslie Lawhon (Author), 2002

Bessarion, John (1399?–1472),

Reference

Andrew Scheil (Author), 2001

Bestiaire d'amour (Richard de Fournival), Anonymous Response to

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Bestiality

Reference

Joyce E. Salisbury (Author), 2000

Bestiaries.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Bestiary

Reference

Malcolm Jones (Author), 2000

Betel

Reference

Nancy Sullivan (Author), 2009

Beverages

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Bevis of Hampton.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Bible, English

Reference

Wendy R. Larson (Author), 2002

Bibliography

encyclopedia

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer and Kirsten Wolf (Authors), 2022

Bibliography

encyclopedia

Timothy May (Editor), 2017

Bibliography

encyclopedia

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Bibliography

encyclopedia

Jana K. Schulman (Editor), 2002

Bibliography

encyclopedia

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Bibliography

encyclopedia

Ronald H. Fritze and William B. Robison (Editors), 2002

Bibliography

encyclopedia

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Biel, Gabriel (c. 1410–95),

Reference

Stephen E. Lahey (Author), 2001

Bietris de Roman (late 13th century)

Reference

Herman Braet (Author), 2004

Bigman (Melanesia)

Reference

Nancy Sullivan (Author), 2009

Bigod, Roger, 5th Earl of Norfolk (c.1245–1306)

Reference

Natalie Forget (Author), 2002

Binchois, Gilles (c. 1400–1460),

Reference

Jan Pendergrass (Author), 2001

Birgham, Treaty of (1290)

Reference

Ronald H. Fritze (Author), 2002

Birgitta of Sweden, St. (1303–1373)

Reference

Sandro Sticca (Author), 2004

Birka

Reference

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer and Kirsten Wolf (Authors), 2022

Bisticci, Vespasiano da.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Bizzoche (13th–14th centuries)

Reference

Nadia Margolis (Author), 2004

Björn Ironside

Reference

Kirsten Wolf (Author), 2022

Black Death

Reference

Timothy R. Tangherlini (Author), 2000

Black Death

Reference

Brenda K. Thacker (Author), 2019

Black Death

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Black Death

Reference

Katherine French (Author), 2002

Black Death (Mid-14th Century)

Reference

Stephanie Honchell (Author), 2017

Blanche of Castile

Reference

W. M. Spellman (Author), 2000

Blanche of Castile (1188–1252)

Reference

Diana L. Murphy (Author), 2004

Blanche of Castile (Blanca de Castilla) (1188–1252).

Reference

Leah Larson (Author), 2002

Blasons Populaires

Reference

Wolfgang Mieder (Author), 2000

Bleda

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Blood

Reference

Bettina Bildhauer (Author), 2000

Blood Feuds

Reference

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer (Author), 2022

Blood-eagle, Carving of

Reference

Kirsten Wolf (Author), 2022

Blue Horde

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313-1375).

Reference

Theresa Kennedy (Author), 2000

Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313–1375)

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Boccaccio, Giovanni (1313–75).

Reference

Kathyrn Jacobs (Author), 2001

Boccaccio, Women in, De Claris Mulieribus (c.1362–1375)

Reference

Glenda K. McLeod (Author), 2004

Boccaccio, Women in, Des Cleres et Nobles Femmes

Reference

Brigitte Buettner (Author), 2004

Boccaccio, Women in, Works Other than De Claris Mulieribus (14th century)

Reference

Michael Calabrese (Author), 2004

Bodel, Jean (Jehan) (c. 1176–1210).

Reference

Leah Larson (Author), 2002

Bodhisattva

Reference

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (c. 480–525)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (c. 480–526).

Reference

Joel Fredell (Author), 2002

Boethius (c. 480-525).

Reference

Rebecca Chalmers (Author), 2000

Boethius of Dacia (fl. 1270s).

Reference

Andrew G. Traver (Author), 2002

Bohemond I of Antioch (c. 1058–1111).

Reference

Ryan P. Crisp (Author), 2002

Bohun, Humphrey, 4th Earl of Hereford and 3rd Earl of Essex (c.1276–1322)

Reference

Jeffrey S. Hamilton (Author), 2002

Bohun, Humphrey de, 3rd Earl of Hereford and 2nd Earl of Essex (c.1249–98)

Reference

Shelly A. Sinclair (Author), 2002

The Boke of St. Albans

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Bokenham, Osbern (1393–post-1463)

Reference

Sheila Delany (Author), 2004

Bonaventure (Giovanni di Fidanza), Saint (c. 1217–1274).

Reference

Andrew G. Traver (Author), 2002

Boncompagno of Signa (c. 1170–c. 1250).

Reference

Kimberly Rivers (Author), 2002

Bondol, Jean de (c. 1330–85?),

Reference

Marian Hollinger (Author), 2001

Bondone, Giotto di.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Boner, Ulrich (c. 1290–1349),

Reference

Martin Blum (Author), 2001

Boneta, Na Prous

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Boniface: An Early Medieval Missionary and Saint

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Boniface, Saint (c. 675–754).

Reference

Helen Conrad-O’Briain (Author), 2002

Boniface, St. (c. 675–754)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Boniface, St., Mission and Circle of (early to mid-8th century)

Reference

Nadia Margolis (Author), 2004

Boniface VIII, Pope (1235–1303, Pontificate 1294–1303).

Reference

Connie Evans (Author), 2002

Book of the Duchess, The.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Books

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Books and Reading

Reference

Sharon D. Michalove (Author), 2002

Books of Hours

Reference

Fabrizio Crivello (Author), 2000

Books of Sisters

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Borja, Tecla (1435–1459)

Reference

Kathleen McNerney (Author), 2004

Boroughbridge, Battle of (1322)

Reference

Jean Brown (Author), 2002

Borrering

Reference

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer and Kirsten Wolf (Authors), 2022

Borte (ca. 1161–1230)

Reference

Donna Hamil (Author), 2017

Bosch, Hieronymus (c. 1450–1516),

Reference

Nicola McDonald (Author), 2001

Botticelli, Sandro (1444–1510),

Reference

Patricia Cossard (Author), 2001

Boulogne Document (1308)

Reference

Michelle M. Sauer (Author), 2002

Bourbon, Anne Valois, Duchesse de.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Bourchier, John (1467-1533).

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Bourchier, Thomas (1411–86),

Reference

Jerome S. Arkenburg (Author), 2001

Bourchier, Thomas, Cardinal-Archbishop of Canterbury (c.1412–86)

Reference

Paul Williams (Author), 2002

Bourges, Treaty of (1412)

Reference

Ginger M. Lee (Author), 2002

Bouts, Dirc (Dieric, Dirk, Thierry) (c. 1415–75),

Reference

Marian Hollinger (Author), 2001

Bowed Strings

Reference

Bradford Lee Eden (Author), 2000

Boy Bishop, Feast of the

Reference

Bradford Lee Eden (Author), 2000

Bracciolini, Gian Francesco Poggio (1380–1459),

Reference

Anne M. Schuchman (Author), 2001

Bracton, Henry de (d. 1268).

Reference

William B. Robison (Author), 2002

Bradwardine, Thomas (1290?–1349),

Reference

Alan S. Weber (Author), 2001

Bradwardine, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury (c.1290–1349)

Reference

Stephen E. Lahey (Author), 2002

Brahmagupta (c. 598–c. 660)

Reference

Joyce E. Salisbury (Author), 2009

Bramante, Donato d’Agnolo Lazzari (1444–1514),

Reference

C. Thomas Ault (Author), 2001

Bramham Moor, Battle of (1408)

Reference

James Alexander Doig (Author), 2002

Brangain

Reference

Thelma S. Fenster (Author), 2004

Brant, Sebastian (1457–1521).

Reference

Donna Bussell (Author), 2001

Brautmystik

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Breadfruit

Reference

Robert D. Craig (Author), 2009

Brendan, Saint (c. 486–575).

Reference

Jonathan M. Wooding (Author), 2002

Bretwalda

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Breviary of Alaric

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Brian Boru (c. 926–1014).

Reference

Zina Petersen (Author), 2002

Bricks and Tiles

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Bride of Christ/Brautmystik

Reference

Brigitte Edith Archibald (Author), 2004

Bride-Price

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Bridges

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Bridget of Sweden

Reference

Stephanie Witham (Author), 2000

Bridget of Sweden, Saint (c. 1303–73),

Reference

Catherine Sanok (Author), 2001

Bridget of Sweden, St

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Bridgettine/Birgettine Order

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Brigid, Saint (d. c. 525)

Reference

John McNamara (Author), 2000

Briseida

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Broederlam, Melchior (fl. 1378–99),

Reference

Marian Hollinger (Author), 2001

Bruce, Robert (Robert I, b. 1274, r. 1306–29)

Reference

Michael Medwick (Author), 2002

Bruce, The.

Reference

J. Scott Plaster (Author), 2000

Brunanburh, Battle of

Reference

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer (Author), 2022

Brunelleschi, Filippo (1377–1446),

Reference

Darin Hayton (Author), 2001

Brunhild (d. 613)

Reference

Suzanne Fonay Wemple (Author), 2004

Brunhilde (545–613).

Reference

Sandra Ballif Straubhaar (Author), 2002

Brunhilde (d. 613)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Bruni, Leonardo (1370–1444),

Reference

Laura McRae (Author), 2001

Bruno the Carthusian, Saint (c. 1033–1101).

Reference

Alana Cain Scott (Author), 2002

Brutus

Reference

Brynley F. Roberts (Author), 2000

Brynhild

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Brétigny, Treaty of (1360)

Reference

David S. Green (Author), 2002

Bubonic Plague (Black Death)

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Bucellari

Reference

William Eger (Author), 2019

Buckingham, 1st Duke of

Reference

Ronald H. Fritze and William B. Robison (Editors), 2002

Buckingham, 2nd Duke of

Reference

Ronald H. Fritze and William B. Robison (Editors), 2002

Buckingham’s Rebellion (1483)

Reference

Sharon D. Michalove (Author), 2002

Buddhism

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Bugga (fl. early to mid-8th century)

Reference

Sr. Jane Patricia Freeland (Author), 2004

Bulgaria

Reference

Ljudmila Djukic (Author), 2019

Bulgars

Reference

Ljudmila Djukic (Author), 2019

Bulverket

Reference

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer and Kirsten Wolf (Authors), 2022

Burakumin

Reference

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

Burchard of Worms (c. 965–1025).

Reference

William Schipper (Author), 2002

Bureau of Barbarians

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Bureaucracy

Reference

Ljudmila Djukic (Author), 2019

Burgh, Elizabeth, Lady of Clare (c.1291–1360)

Reference

Celia M. Lewis (Author), 2002

Burginda (fl. early to mid-8th century)

Reference

Edith Brigitte Archibald (Author), 2004

Burgundian Code

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Burgundian Cycle

Reference

John Lindow (Author), 2000

Burgundians

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Burial Mounds

Reference

Malcolm Jones (Author), 2000

Burial Practices and Mounds

Reference

Kirsten Wolf (Author), 2022

Buridan, Jean (1295–1358),

Reference

Alan S. Weber (Author), 2001

Burnell, Robert, Bishop of Bath and Wells (d. 1292)

Reference

Ronald H. Fritze (Author), 2002

Bury, Richard, Bishop of Durham (c.1287–1345)

Reference

Carol Miller (Author), 2002

Buttington, Battle of

Reference

Tristan Mueller-Vollmer (Author), 2022

Buyids (945–1055)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Buzançais, Treaty of (1412)

Reference

Michael R. Evans (Author), 2002

Byzantinism

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Byzantium

Reference

Ljudmila Djukic (Author), 2019

Béla III of Hungary (1148–1196).

Reference

Edward J. Schoenfeld (Author), 2002

Cabalero Zifar, El.

Reference

Rebecca Stephens (Author), 2000

Cabot, John (d. 1498?).

Reference

R. Churchill Curtis (Author), 2000

Cacao

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Cade, Jack (d. 1450),

Reference

James C. Owens (Author), 2001

Cade’s Rebellion

Reference

Janet A. Thompson (Author), 2002

Caedwalla (c. 659–689)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Caesarea

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Caesaria, St. (fl. 502–pre-542)

Reference

Duey White (Author), 2004

Caesarius of Arles (c. 470–542)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Caesarius of Arles (Caesarius Arelatensis), Saint (c. 469–542).

Reference

William Schipper (Author), 2002

Caesaropapism

Reference

Matthew T. Herbst (Author), 2019

Caesura.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Cahokia

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Cairo

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Caizhou, Siege of (1233–1234)

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Calais

Reference

Sharon D. Michalove (Author), 2002

Calais, Siege of (1346–47)

Reference

Kenneth G. Madison (Author), 2002

Calais, Truce of (1347)

Reference

Michael R. Evans (Author), 2002

Calakmul

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Calendar

Reference

Ruth A. Johnston (Author), 2019

Calendar

Reference

Brian Baumann (Author), 2017

Calendar (Islamic)

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Caliph

Reference

Victoria B. Tashjian and James E. Lindsay (Authors), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Calixtus II (Callistus), Pope (c. 1050–1124, Pontificate 1119–1124).

Reference

Paul Miller (Author), 2002

Calmecac

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Calpolli

Reference

James L. Fitzsimmons (Author), Joyce E. Salisbury (General Editor), 2009

Cambridge Plot

Reference

Ronald H. Fritze and William B. Robison (Editors), 2002

Camlan

Reference

Brynley F. Roberts (Author), 2000

Campin, Robert (c. 1378–1444),

Reference

Marian Hollinger (Author), 2001

Candlemas

Reference

Bradford Lee Eden (Author), 2000

Cannon

Reference

Timothy May (Author), 2017

Canon Law

Reference

Barry Collett (Author), 2002

Cantar de mio Cid.

Reference

Rebecca Stephens (Author), 2000

Cantar de mio Cid

Reference

Joseph J. Duggan (Author), 2000

Canterbury Tales.

Reference

John H. Fisher (Author), 2000

Cantigas de Amigo

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Cantigas de Santa Maria

Reference

Katharina M. Wilson and Nadia Margolis (Editors), 2004

Cantilupe, St. Thomas, Bishop of Hereford (c.1219–82)

Reference

John M. Theilmann (Author), 2002

Canute.

Reference

Jana K. Schulman (Editor), 2002

Canute (Cnut) (994-1035).

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Canzone.

Reference

Robert T. Lambdin (Author), 2000

Capellanus, Andreas (fl. 1174–1186).

Reference

Daniel Kline (Author), 2002

Capellanus, Andreas (late 12th century)

Reference

Peter L. Allen (Author), 2004

Capet, Hugh (940?-996).

Reference

R. Churchill Curtis (Author), 2000

Capgrave, John (1393-1464).

Reference

Richard McDonald (Author), 2000

Capistrano, John.

Reference

Clayton J. Drees (Editor), 2001

Capitulare de Villis

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Capitularies

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Cappadocian Image of Camuliana

Reference

Brenda K. Thacker (Author), 2019

Captain James Cook’s Account of an Encounter with the Māori of New Zealand, 1769

Reference

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

Captain James Cook’s Description of War Canoes in Tahiti, 1774

Reference

Raman N. Seylon, William B. Ashbaugh and Nancy Sullivan (Authors), 2009

Carenza, Na (c.1190–c. early 1230s)

Reference

June Hall McCash (Author), 2004

Caritas Pirckheimer

Reference

Gwynne Kennedy (Author), 2000

Carlisle, 1st Earl of

Reference

Ronald H. Fritze and William B. Robison (Editors), 2002

Carlisle, Statute of (1307)

Reference

Claire M. Valente (Author), 2002

Carloman, King of the Franks (d. 771)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013

Carloman, Mayor of the Palace (d. 754)

Reference

Michael Frassetto (Editor), 2013